check_int_in_range

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb, line 81
        def check_int_in_range(value)
          if value.to_int > 9223372036854775807 || value.to_int < -9223372036854775808
            exception = <<~ERROR
              Provided value outside of the range of a signed 64bit integer.

              PostgreSQL will treat the column type in question as a numeric.
              This may result in a slow sequential scan due to a comparison
              being performed between an integer or bigint value and a numeric value.

              To allow for this potentially unwanted behavior, set
              ActiveRecord.raise_int_wider_than_64bit to false.
            ERROR
            raise IntegerOutOf64BitRange.new exception
          end
        end

        def quote(value) # :nodoc:
          if ActiveRecord.raise_int_wider_than_64bit && value.is_a?(Integer)
            check_int_in_range(value)
          end

          case value
          when OID::Xml::Data
            "xml '#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
          when OID::Bit::Data
            if value.binary?
              "B'#{value}'"
            elsif value.hex?
              "X'#{value}'"
            end
          when Numeric
            if value.finite?
              super
            else
              "'#{value}'"
            end
          when OID::Array::Data
            quote(encode_array(value))
          when Range
            quote(encode_range(value))
          else
            super
          end
        end

        # Quotes strings for use in SQL input.
        def quote_string(s) # :nodoc:
          with_raw_connection(allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |connection|
            connection.escape(s)
          end
        end

        def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
          quote_column_name(attr)
        end

        # Quotes schema names for use in SQL queries.
        def quote_schema_name(schema_name)
          quote_column_name(schema_name)
        end

        # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input.
        def quoted_date(value) # :nodoc:
          if value.year <= 0
            bce_year = format("%04d", -value.year + 1)
            super.sub(/^-?\d+/, bce_year) + " BC"
          else
            super
          end
        end

        def quoted_binary(value) # :nodoc:
          "'#{escape_bytea(value.to_s)}'"
        end

        # `column` may be either an instance of Column or ColumnDefinition.
        def quote_default_expression(value, column) # :nodoc:
          if value.is_a?(Proc)
            value.call
          elsif column.type == :uuid && value.is_a?(String) && value.include?("()")
            value # Does not quote function default values for UUID columns
          elsif column.respond_to?(:array?)
            # TODO: Remove fetch_cast_type and the need for connection after we release 8.1.
            quote(column.fetch_cast_type(self).serialize(value))
          else
            super
          end
        end

        def type_cast(value) # :nodoc:
          case value
          when Type::Binary::Data
            # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
            # See https://deveiate.org/code/pg/PG/Connection.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
            # for more information
            { value: value.to_s, format: 1 }
          when OID::Xml::Data, OID::Bit::Data
            value.to_s
          when OID::Array::Data
            encode_array(value)
          when Range
            encode_range(value)
          when Rational
            value.to_f
          else
            super
          end
        end

        # TODO: Make this method private after we release 8.1.
        def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
          super(query_value("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").to_i)
        end

        private
          def encode_array(array_data)
            encoder = array_data.encoder
            values = type_cast_array(array_data.values)

            result = encoder.encode(values)
            if encoding = determine_encoding_of_strings_in_array(values)
              result.force_encoding(encoding)
            end
            result
          end

          def encode_range(range)
            lower_bound = type_cast_range_value(range.begin)
            upper_bound = if date_or_time_range?(range)
              # Postgres will convert `[today,]` to `[today,)`, making it exclusive.
              # We can use the special timestamp value `infinity` to force inclusion.
              # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/rangetypes.html#RANGETYPES-INFINITE
              range.end.nil? ? "infinity" : type_cast(range.end)
            else
              type_cast_range_value(range.end)
            end

            "[#{lower_bound},#{upper_bound}#{range.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
          end

          def determine_encoding_of_strings_in_array(value)
            case value
            when ::Array then determine_encoding_of_strings_in_array(value.first)
            when ::String then value.encoding
            end
          end

          def type_cast_array(values)
            case values
            when ::Array then values.map { |item| type_cast_array(item) }
            else type_cast(values)
            end
          end

          def type_cast_range_value(value)
            infinity?(value) ? "" : type_cast(value)
          end

          def infinity?(value)
            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
          end

          def date_or_time_range?(range)
            [range.begin.class, range.end.class].intersect?([Date, DateTime, Time])
          end
      end