ActionController::Routing

Routing

The routing module provides URL rewriting in native Ruby. It’s a way to redirect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This replaces mod_rewrite rules. Best of all, Rails' Routing works with any web server. Routes are defined in config/routes.rb.

Consider the following route, installed by Rails when you generate your application:

  map.connect ':controller/:action/:id'

This route states that it expects requests to consist of a :controller followed by an :action that in turn is fed some :id.

Suppose you get an incoming request for /blog/edit/22, you’ll end up with:

  params = { :controller => 'blog',
             :action     => 'edit',
             :id         => '22'
          }

Think of creating routes as drawing a map for your requests. The map tells them where to go based on some predefined pattern:

  ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
    Pattern 1 tells some request to go to one place
    Pattern 2 tell them to go to another
    ...
  end

The following symbols are special:

  :controller maps to your controller name
  :action     maps to an action with your controllers

Other names simply map to a parameter as in the case of :id.

Route priority

Not all routes are created equally. Routes have priority defined by the order of appearance of the routes in the config/routes.rb file. The priority goes from top to bottom. The last route in that file is at the lowest priority and will be applied last. If no route matches, 404 is returned.

Within blocks, the empty pattern is at the highest priority. In practice this works out nicely:

  ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
    map.with_options :controller => 'blog' do |blog|
      blog.show '',  :action => 'list'
    end
    map.connect ':controller/:action/:view'
  end

In this case, invoking blog controller (with an URL like ’/blog/’) without parameters will activate the ‘list’ action by default.

Defaults routes and default parameters

Setting a default route is straightforward in Rails - you simply append a Hash at the end of your mapping to set any default parameters.

Example:

  ActionController::Routing:Routes.draw do |map|
    map.connect ':controller/:action/:id', :controller => 'blog'
  end

This sets up blog as the default controller if no other is specified. This means visiting ’/’ would invoke the blog controller.

More formally, you can include arbitrary parameters in the route, thus:

  map.connect ':controller/:action/:id', :action => 'show', :page => 'Dashboard'

This will pass the :page parameter to all incoming requests that match this route.

Note: The default routes, as provided by the Rails generator, make all actions in every controller accessible via GET requests. You should consider removing them or commenting them out if you’re using named routes and resources.

Named routes

Routes can be named with the syntax map.name_of_route options, allowing for easy reference within your source as name_of_route_url for the full URL and name_of_route_path for the URI path.

Example:

  # In routes.rb
  map.login 'login', :controller => 'accounts', :action => 'login'

  # With render, redirect_to, tests, etc.
  redirect_to login_url

Arguments can be passed as well.

  redirect_to show_item_path(:id => 25)

Use map.root as a shorthand to name a route for the root path "".

  # In routes.rb
  map.root :controller => 'blogs'

  # would recognize http://www.example.com/ as
  params = { :controller => 'blogs', :action => 'index' }

  # and provide these named routes
  root_url   # => 'http://www.example.com/'
  root_path  # => ''

You can also specify an already-defined named route in your map.root call:

  # In routes.rb
  map.new_session :controller => 'sessions', :action => 'new'
  map.root :new_session

Note: when using with_options, the route is simply named after the method you call on the block parameter rather than map.

  # In routes.rb
  map.with_options :controller => 'blog' do |blog|
    blog.show    '',            :action  => 'list'
    blog.delete  'delete/:id',  :action  => 'delete',
    blog.edit    'edit/:id',    :action  => 'edit'
  end

  # provides named routes for show, delete, and edit
  link_to @article.title, show_path(:id => @article.id)

Pretty URLs

Routes can generate pretty URLs. For example:

  map.connect 'articles/:year/:month/:day',
              :controller => 'articles',
              :action     => 'find_by_date',
              :year       => /\d{4}/,
              :month      => /\d{1,2}/,
              :day        => /\d{1,2}/

Using the route above, the URL "http://localhost:3000/articles/2005/11/06"; maps to

  params = {:year => '2005', :month => '11', :day => '06'}

Regular Expressions and parameters

You can specify a regular expression to define a format for a parameter.

  map.geocode 'geocode/:postalcode', :controller => 'geocode',
              :action => 'show', :postalcode => /\d{5}(-\d{4})?/

or, more formally:

  map.geocode 'geocode/:postalcode', :controller => 'geocode',
              :action => 'show', :requirements => { :postalcode => /\d{5}(-\d{4})?/ }

Formats can include the ‘ignorecase’ and ‘extended syntax’ regular expression modifiers:

  map.geocode 'geocode/:postalcode', :controller => 'geocode',
              :action => 'show', :postalcode => /hx\d\d\s\d[a-z]{2}/i

  map.geocode 'geocode/:postalcode', :controller => 'geocode',
              :action => 'show',:requirements => {
                :postalcode => /# Postcode format
                                \d{5} #Prefix
                                (-\d{4})? #Suffix
                                /x
              }

Using the multiline match modifier will raise an ArgumentError. Encoding regular expression modifiers are silently ignored. The match will always use the default encoding or ASCII.

Route globbing

Specifying *[string] as part of a rule like:

  map.connect '*path' , :controller => 'blog' , :action => 'unrecognized?'

will glob all remaining parts of the route that were not recognized earlier. The globbed values are in params[:path] as an array of path segments.

Route conditions

With conditions you can define restrictions on routes. Currently the only valid condition is :method.

• :method - Allows you to specify which method can access the route. Possible values are :post, :get, :put, :delete and :any. The default value is :any, :any means that any method can access the route.

Example:

  map.connect 'post/:id', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show',
              :conditions => { :method => :get }
  map.connect 'post/:id', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'create_comment',
              :conditions => { :method => :post }

Now, if you POST to /posts/:id, it will route to the create_comment action. A GET on the same URL will route to the show action.

Reloading routes

You can reload routes if you feel you must:

  ActionController::Routing::Routes.reload

This will clear all named routes and reload routes.rb if the file has been modified from last load. To absolutely force reloading, use reload!.

Testing Routes

The two main methods for testing your routes:

assert_routing

  def test_movie_route_properly_splits
   opts = {:controller => "plugin", :action => "checkout", :id => "2"}
   assert_routing "plugin/checkout/2", opts
  end

assert_routing lets you test whether or not the route properly resolves into options.

assert_recognizes

  def test_route_has_options
   opts = {:controller => "plugin", :action => "show", :id => "12"}
   assert_recognizes opts, "/plugins/show/12"
  end

Note the subtle difference between the two: assert_routing tests that a URL fits options while assert_recognizes tests that a URL breaks into parameters properly.

In tests you can simply pass the URL or named route to get or post.

  def send_to_jail
    get '/jail'
    assert_response :success
    assert_template "jail/front"
  end

  def goes_to_login
    get login_url
    #...
  end

View a list of all your routes

Run rake routes.

actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb
actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing.rb
actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/builder.rb
actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/optimisations.rb
actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/recognition_optimisation.rb
actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/route.rb
actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/route_set.rb